I think given the conditions of this project, you will have to do some experimenting.
If this is in the US, use 915mhz. Start with the simple "free" monopole antennas, then move up from there. Keep them perpendicular to the PCB (the GND plane). In my own experience, the monopole does wonderful from 150ft mailbox to underground basement (below grade, through concrete wall etc).
Minimum power usage is almost an art, the tldr of that is: do whatever you need to very quick, then sleep everything until next time.
QuoteHow many digital inputs are available?
Depends on what peripherals on the chip you use. But the MoteinoMEGA should have plenty for such needs, at least around 30 GPIO.
For power and GPIO/specs see this page (https://lowpowerlab.com/guide/moteino/specifications/).
QuoteIs there a sample project that would be similar to my application that I could look at to get an idea of the programming?
Perhaps, there's many projects in the Projects forum (https://lowpowerlab.com/forum/projects/), take some time to browse there.
Start simple, get 2 units talking and take it from there. You can ask questions here and we can try to guide as best we can.