Hi Felix,
I try not think about how much time I've spent reading the DS3231 datasheet and working with related libraries for both AVR and ARM processors, but I can definitely provide you with some resources! I've considered designing my own PCB for some time now.
DS3231SN DatasheetThe circuit is relatively simple, with the most common configuration including 10k resistors on the I2C SCL/SDA lines, a CR1220 coin cell battery tied to the battery backup pin, as well as 1uF decoupling capacitor. I've provided a few examples below that link directly to the schematic downloads.
https://www.mouser.ca/datasheet/2/256/DS3231-1513891.pdf Adafruit DS3231 Precision RTC Breakout Unfortunately, Adafruit uses the commercial version (DS3231S) instead of the industrial version (DS3231SN) of the IC, which is able to handle -40°C to +85°C. In the past I've either had to desolder the IC from their breakout board or use a SOIC-16 breakout and a separate CR1220 battery breakout.
https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-ds3231-precision-rtc-breakout/downloads Adafruit DS3231 Precision RTC FeatherWingHaving recently moved over to the Feather ecosystem, this became my new favourite stackable RTC, but again they're still using the commercial version of the IC that is only rated 0 to +70°C. Sufficed to say, I've gotten pretty good at desoldering SOIC-16 ICs.
https://learn.adafruit.com/ds3231-precision-rtc-featherwing/downloadsJeelabs Precision RTC PlugHere is just an example of a simple design with the battery and IC on the same side of the board.
https://www.digitalsmarties.net/products/precision-rtc-plughttps://jeelabs.net/projects/hardware/wiki/precision_rtc_plugRegarding the castellated mounts, I believe that they definitely come in handy when adding only a single breakout board to the M0, such as the microSD or BME280 boards. However, if you plan on adding several additional components, they become less important as you may need to find a different solution for mounting everything together. It's certainly application specific, but always nice to have the option. Do they add much in the way of complexity or extra cost to the boards?
Happy to help if you have any additional questions!
Cheers,
Adam