The answer is no. Simply because you have to configure your RFM69 to run at certain parameters (load the registers) and you do that via SPI from a microcontroller, you have to send data, via SPI, so it knows what and when to send etc, can't do that without a micro.
The module is a transceiver, not a micro controller, it is designed to be used by a microcontroller.
I've seen other modules that embed an SX1231h (rf chip used in RFM69) and have a microcontroller - much like XBees. Then they have an AT interface but even those you'd need a serial connection to at the very least, to configure and tell them what GPIOs to set/unset or what data to pass.